163 lines
5.7 KiB
Markdown
163 lines
5.7 KiB
Markdown
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# 毎日一题 - 水壶问题
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## 信息卡片
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* 时间:2019-09-15
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* 题目链接:https://leetcode-cn.com/problems/water-and-jug-problem/
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* tag:`Math`
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## 题目描述
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```
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给你一个装满水的 8 升满壶和两个分别是 5 升、3 升的空壶,请想个优雅的办法,使得其中一个水壶恰好装 4 升水,每一步的操作只能是倒空或倒满。
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```
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## 参考答案
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1.数学分析解答
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上面的问题是一个特例,我们可以抽象为[leetcode-365-水壶问题](https://leetcode-cn.com/problems/water-and-jug-problem/)。
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```
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有两个容量分别为 x升 和 y升 的水壶(壶1,壶2)以及无限多的水。请判断能否通过使用这两个水壶,从而可以得到恰好 z升 的水?
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```
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解题核心思路(x < y,即壶1容量小于壶2,x == y的情况后面讨论):
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1. 将壶2倒满,往壶1倒入至满。
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2. 若壶1满,记录当前壶2中新水量。壶1倒出,将壶2中剩余的继续往壶1中倒入;(当壶1满,继续此操作,并记录当前壶2中新水量nw, 若此新水量已被记录,则)。
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3. 若出现壶1不满时(即此时壶2必空),重复操作1。
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开辟一个新数组nws记录所有新水量,对任意nws[i],可构造的水量为nws[i],nws[i]+x,nws[i]+y。
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(其实不需要新数组,因为数学上可以证明新水量的值循环周期呈现,故可以使用一个临时变量cur,当cur==x为终止条件)
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数学证明新水量nw值是循环周期的:
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![1111](<https://raw.githubusercontent.com/lvguofeng1303/markdownimage/master/daily/%E6%B0%B4%E5%A3%B6%E9%97%AE%E9%A2%98/math%20prove.jpg>)
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个别特殊情况考虑:
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- x == z || y == z; **true**
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- x == 0 || x+y < z; **false**
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- x+y == z || z == 0; **true**
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```c++
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class Solution {
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public:
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bool canMeasureWater(int x, int y, int z) {
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if(x > y) return canMeasureWater(y, x, z);
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if(x == z || y == z) return true;
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if(x == 0 || x+y < z) return false;
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if(x+y == z || z == 0) return true;
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int cur = y - x;
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while(cur != x){
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if(cur == z) return true;
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if(cur > x){
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if(cur + x == z) return true;
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cur = cur - x;
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}
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else{
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if(cur + y == z || cur + x == z) return true;
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cur = y - x + cur;
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}
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}
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return false;
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}
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};
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```
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2.BFS
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不仅可以计算是否能获取 z 升水,而且可以获得最少多少操作可获取 z 升水。(缺点,无法通过,因为需要太大的空间,需要申请一个三维数组记录状态)
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核心思想就是状态转移问题:
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壶0(x+y),壶1(x),壶2(y),壶0是本是无限大水池,同理于定义为大小为x+y的壶。用bfs的思想,使用一个队列记录所有新的状态。
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对于任意状态(c,a,b),状态转移就是:
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- 若c不为0,将壶0倒水入壶1或壶2;若a不为0,将壶1倒水入壶0或壶2;若b不为0,将壶2倒水入壶0或壶1;
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- 记录每个新状态,并入队,若此状态访问过则不入队。
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特殊情况考虑同1。
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```c++
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class Solution {
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public:
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struct state{
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int nums[3];
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state(int xy, int x, int y){
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nums[0] = xy;
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nums[1] = x;
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nums[2] = y;
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}
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};
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state pour_water(state cur, int src, int det, int size[]){
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state ans = cur;
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int need_w = size[det] - cur.nums[det];
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if(need_w <= cur.nums[src]){
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ans.nums[det] += need_w;
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ans.nums[src] -= need_w;
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}
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else{
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ans.nums[det] += ans.nums[src];
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ans.nums[src] = 0;
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}
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return ans;
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}
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bool canMeasureWater(int x, int y, int z) {
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if(x > y) return canMeasureWater(y, x, z); //
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if(x == z || y == z) return true;
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if(x == 0 || x+y < z) return false;
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if(x+y == z || z == 0) return true;
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int visited[x+y+1][x+1][y+1];
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int water_size[3] = {x+y, x, y};
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memset(visited, 0, sizeof(visited));
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state cur(x+y, 0, 0);
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queue<state> q;
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q.push(cur);
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int step = 0;
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while(!q.empty()){
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int size = q.size();
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while(size){
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state temp(0, 0, 0);
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cur = q.front();
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if(cur.nums[1] + cur.nums[2] == z) return true;
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visited[cur.nums[0]][cur.nums[1]][cur.nums[2]] = 1;
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q.pop();
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if(cur.nums[0] != 0){
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temp = pour_water(cur, 0, 1, water_size);
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if(visited[temp.nums[0]][temp.nums[1]][temp.nums[2]] != 1)
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q.push(temp);
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temp = pour_water(cur, 0, 2, water_size);
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if(visited[temp.nums[0]][temp.nums[1]][temp.nums[2]] != 1)
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q.push(temp);
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}
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if(cur.nums[1] != 0){
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temp = pour_water(cur, 1, 2, water_size);
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if(visited[temp.nums[0]][temp.nums[1]][temp.nums[2]] != 1)
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q.push(temp);
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temp = pour_water(cur, 1, 0, water_size);
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if(visited[temp.nums[0]][temp.nums[1]][temp.nums[2]] != 1)
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q.push(temp);
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}
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if(cur.nums[2] != 0){
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temp = pour_water(cur, 2, 1, water_size);
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if(visited[temp.nums[0]][temp.nums[1]][temp.nums[2]] != 1)
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q.push(temp);
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temp = pour_water(cur, 2, 0, water_size);
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if(visited[temp.nums[0]][temp.nums[1]][temp.nums[2]] != 1)
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q.push(temp);
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}
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size--;
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}
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step++;
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}
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return false;
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}
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};
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```
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## 优秀解答
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>暂缺
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