243 lines
9.1 KiB
Markdown
243 lines
9.1 KiB
Markdown
## 题目地址
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https://leetcode.com/problems/lfu-cache/
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## 题目描述
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```
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Design and implement a data structure for Least Frequently Used (LFU) cache. It should support the following operations: get and put.
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get(key) - Get the value (will always be positive) of the key if the key exists in the cache, otherwise return -1.
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put(key, value) - Set or insert the value if the key is not already present. When the cache reaches its capacity, it should invalidate the least frequently used item before inserting a new item. For the purpose of this problem, when there is a tie (i.e., two or more keys that have the same frequency), the least recently used key would be evicted.
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Follow up:
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Could you do both operations in O(1) time complexity?
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Example:
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LFUCache cache = new LFUCache( 2 /* capacity */ );
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cache.put(1, 1);
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cache.put(2, 2);
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cache.get(1); // returns 1
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cache.put(3, 3); // evicts key 2
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cache.get(2); // returns -1 (not found)
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cache.get(3); // returns 3.
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cache.put(4, 4); // evicts key 1.
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cache.get(1); // returns -1 (not found)
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cache.get(3); // returns 3
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cache.get(4); // returns 4
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```
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## 思路
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`本题已被收录到我的新书中,敬请期待~`
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[LFU(Least frequently used)](https://www.wikiwand.com/en/Least_frequently_used) 但内存容量满的情况下,有新的数据进来,需要更多空间的时候,就需要删除被访问频率最少的元素。
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举个例子,比如说 cache 容量是 3,按顺序依次放入 `1,2,1,2,1,3`, cache 已存满 3 个元素 (1,2,3), 这时如果想放入一个新的元素 4 的时候,就需要腾出一个元素空间。
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用 LFU,这里就淘汰 3, 因为 3 的次数只出现依次, 1 和 2 出现的次数都比 3 多。
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题中 `get` 和 `put` 都是 `O(1)`的时间复杂度,那么删除和增加都是`O(1)`,可以想到用双链表,和`HashMap`,用一个`HashMap, nodeMap,` 保存当前`key`,和 `node{key, value, frequent} `的映射。
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这样`get(key)`的操作就是`O(1)`. 如果要删除一个元素,那么就需要另一个`HashMap,freqMap,`保存元素出现次数`(frequent)`和双链表`(DoublyLinkedlist)` 映射,
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这里双链表存的是 frequent 相同的元素。每次`get`或`put`的时候,`frequent+1`,然后把`node`插入到双链表的`head node, head.next=node`
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每次删除`freqent`最小的双链表的`tail node, tail.prev`。
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用给的例子举例说明:
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```
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1. put(1, 1),
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- 首先查找 nodeMap 中有没有 key=1 对应的 value,
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没有就新建 node(key, value, freq) -> node1(1, 1, 1), 插入 nodeMap,{[1, node1]}
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- 查找 freqMap 中有没有 freq=1 对应的 value,
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没有就新建 doublylinkedlist(head, tail), 把 node1 插入 doublylinkedlist head->next = node1.
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如下图,
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```
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![460.lfu-cache-1](../assets/problems/460.lfu-cache-1.jpg)
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```
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2. put(2, 2),
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- 首先查找 nodeMap 中有没有 key=2 对应的 value,
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没有就新建 node(key, value, freq) -> node2(2, 2, 1), 插入 nodeMap,{[1, node1], [2, node2]}
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- 查找 freqMap 中有没有 freq=1 对应的 value,
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没有就新建 doublylinkedlist(head, tail), 把 node2 插入 doublylinkedlist head->next = node2.
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如下图,
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```
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![460.lfu-cache-2](../assets/problems/460.lfu-cache-2.jpg)
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```
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3. get(1),
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- 首先查找 nodeMap 中有没有 key=1 对应的 value,nodeMap:{[1, node1], [2, node2]},
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找到 node1,把 node1 freq+1 -> node1(1,1,2)
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- 更新 freqMap,删除 freq=1,node1
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- 更新 freqMap,插入 freq=2,node1
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如下图,
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```
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![460.lfu-cache-3](../assets/problems/460.lfu-cache-3.jpg)
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```
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4. put(3, 3),
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- 判断 cache 的 capacity,已满,需要淘汰使用次数最少的元素,找到最小的 freq=1,删除双链表 tail node.prev
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如果 tailnode.prev != null, 删除。然后从 nodeMap 中删除对应的 key。
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- 首先查找 nodeMap 中有没有 key=3 对应的 value,
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没有就新建 node(key, value, freq) -> node3(3, 3, 1), 插入 nodeMap,{[1, node1], [3, node3]}
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- 查找 freqMap 中有没有 freq=1 对应的 value,
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没有就新建 doublylinkedlist(head, tail), 把 node3 插入 doublylinkedlist head->next = node3.
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如下图,
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```
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![460.lfu-cache-4](../assets/problems/460.lfu-cache-4.jpg)
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```
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5. get(2)
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- 查找 nodeMap,如果没有对应的 key 的 value,返回 -1。
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6. get(3)
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- 首先查找 nodeMap 中有没有 key=3 对应的 value,nodeMap:{[1, node1], [3, node3]},
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找到 node3,把 node3 freq+1 -> node3(3,3,2)
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- 更新 freqMap,删除 freq=1,node3
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- 更新 freqMap,插入 freq=2,node3
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如下图,
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```
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![460.lfu-cache-5](../assets/problems/460.lfu-cache-5.jpg)
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```
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7. put(4, 4),
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- 判断 cache 的 capacity,已满,需要淘汰使用次数最少的元素,找到最小的 freq=1,删除双链表 tail node.prev
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如果 tailnode.prev != null, 删除。然后从 nodeMap 中删除对应的 key。
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- 首先查找 nodeMap 中有没有 key=4 对应的 value,
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没有就新建 node(key, value, freq) -> node4(4, 4, 1), 插入 nodeMap,{[4, node4], [3, node3]}
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- 查找 freqMap 中有没有 freq=1 对应的 value,
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没有就新建 doublylinkedlist(head, tail), 把 node4 插入 doublylinkedlist head->next = node4.
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如下图,
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```
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![460.lfu-cache-6](../assets/problems/460.lfu-cache-6.jpg)
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```
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8. get(1)
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- 查找 nodeMap,如果没有对应的 key 的 value,返回 -1。
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9. get(3)
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- 首先查找 nodeMap 中有没有 key=3 对应的 value,nodeMap:{[4, node4], [3, node3]},
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找到 node3,把 node3 freq+1 -> node3(3,3,3)
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- 更新 freqMap,删除 freq=2,node3
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- 更新 freqMap,插入 freq=3,node3
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如下图,
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```
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![460.lfu-cache-7](../assets/problems/460.lfu-cache-7.jpg)
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```
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10. get(4)
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- 首先查找 nodeMap 中有没有 key=4 对应的 value,nodeMap:{[4, node4], [3, node3]},
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找到 node4,把 node4 freq+1 -> node4(4,4,2)
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- 更新 freqMap,删除 freq=1,node4
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- 更新 freqMap,插入 freq=2,node4
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如下图,
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```
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![460.lfu-cache-8](../assets/problems/460.lfu-cache-8.jpg)
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## 关键点分析
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用两个`Map`分别保存 `nodeMap {key, node}` 和 `freqMap{frequent, DoublyLinkedList}`。
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实现`get` 和 `put`操作都是`O(1)`的时间复杂度。
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可以用 Java 自带的一些数据结构,比如 HashLinkedHashSet,这样就不需要自己自建 Node,DoublelyLinkedList。
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可以很大程度的缩减代码量。
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## 代码(Java code)
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```java
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public class LC460LFUCache {
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class Node {
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int key, val, freq;
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Node prev, next;
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Node(int key, int val) {
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this.key = key;
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this.val = val;
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freq = 1;
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}
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}
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class DoubleLinkedList {
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private Node head;
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private Node tail;
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private int size;
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DoubleLinkedList() {
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head = new Node(0, 0);
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tail = new Node(0, 0);
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head.next = tail;
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tail.prev = head;
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}
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void add(Node node) {
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head.next.prev = node;
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node.next = head.next;
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node.prev = head;
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head.next = node;
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size++;
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}
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void remove(Node node) {
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node.prev.next = node.next;
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node.next.prev = node.prev;
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size--;
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}
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// always remove last node if last node exists
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Node removeLast() {
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if (size > 0) {
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Node node = tail.prev;
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remove(node);
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return node;
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} else return null;
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}
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}
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// cache capacity
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private int capacity;
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// min frequent
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private int minFreq;
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Map<Integer, Node> nodeMap;
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Map<Integer, DoubleLinkedList> freqMap;
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public LC460LFUCache(int capacity) {
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this.minFreq = 0;
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this.capacity = capacity;
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nodeMap = new HashMap<>();
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freqMap = new HashMap<>();
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}
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public int get(int key) {
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Node node = nodeMap.get(key);
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if (node == null) return -1;
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update(node);
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return node.val;
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}
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public void put(int key, int value) {
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if (capacity == 0) return;
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Node node;
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if (nodeMap.containsKey(key)) {
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node = nodeMap.get(key);
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node.val = value;
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update(node);
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} else {
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node = new Node(key, value);
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nodeMap.put(key, node);
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if (nodeMap.size() == capacity) {
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DoubleLinkedList lastList = freqMap.get(minFreq);
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nodeMap.remove(lastList.removeLast().key);
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}
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minFreq = 1;
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DoubleLinkedList newList = freqMap.getOrDefault(node.freq, new DoubleLinkedList());
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newList.add(node);
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freqMap.put(node.freq, newList);
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}
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}
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private void update(Node node) {
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DoubleLinkedList oldList = freqMap.get(node.freq);
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oldList.remove(node);
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if (node.freq == minFreq && oldList.size == 0) minFreq++;
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node.freq++;
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DoubleLinkedList newList = freqMap.getOrDefault(node.freq, new DoubleLinkedList());
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newList.add(node);
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freqMap.put(node.freq, newList);
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}
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}
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```
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## 参考(References)
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1. [LFU(Least frequently used) Cache](https://www.wikiwand.com/en/Least_frequently_used)
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2. [Leetcode discussion mylzsd](https://leetcode.com/problems/lfu-cache/discuss/94547/Java-O(1)-Solution-Using-Two-HashMap-and-One-DoubleLinkedList)
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3. [Leetcode discussion aaaeeeo](https://leetcode.com/problems/lfu-cache/discuss/94547/Java-O(1)-Solution-Using-Two-HashMap-and-One-DoubleLinkedList)
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