#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#define MAX_SIZE 40//Assume 40 nodes at max in graph
#define INT_MIN  0
//A vertex of the graph 
struct node
{
    int vertex;
    struct node* next;
};
//Some declarations
struct node* createNode(int v);
struct Graph
{
    int numVertices;
    int* visited;
    struct node** adjLists; // we need int** to store a two dimensional array. Similary, we need struct node** to store an array of Linked lists
};
//Structure to create a stack, necessary for topological sorting
struct Stack
{
	int arr[MAX_SIZE];
	int top;
};
struct Graph* createGraph(int);
void addEdge(struct Graph*, int, int);
void printGraph(struct Graph*);
struct Graph* transpose(struct Graph*);
void fillOrder(int,struct Graph*, struct Stack*);
void scc(struct Graph*);
void dfs(struct Graph*, int);
struct Stack* createStack();
void push(struct Stack*, int);
int pop(struct Stack*);

int main()
{	
	int vertices,edges,i,src,dst;
	printf("Enter the number of vertices\n");
	scanf("%d",&vertices);
	struct Graph* graph = createGraph(vertices);
	printf("Enter the number of edges\n");
	scanf("%d",&edges);
	for(i=0; i<edges; i++)
	{
		printf("Edge %d \nEnter source: ",i+1);
		scanf("%d",&src);
		printf("Enter destination: ");
		scanf("%d",&dst);
		addEdge(graph, src, dst);
	}
	printf("The strongly connected conponents are:\n");
	scc(graph);
	printf("\n");
	
	//Uncomment below part to get a ready-made example
    /*struct Graph* graph2 = createGraph(4);
    addEdge(graph2, 0, 1);
    addEdge(graph2, 1, 2);
    addEdge(graph2, 2, 0);
    addEdge(graph2, 2, 3);
    printf("The strongly connected components are:\n");
    scc(graph2);
	printf("\n");*/
    return 0;
}
//Creates a topological sorting of the graph
void fillOrder(int vertex, struct Graph* graph, struct Stack* stack)
{
	graph->visited[vertex]=1;
	struct node* adjList = graph->adjLists[vertex];
    struct node* temp = adjList;
    //First add all dependents (that is, children) to stack
    while(temp!=NULL) {
        int connectedVertex = temp->vertex;
        if(graph->visited[connectedVertex] == 0) {
               fillOrder(connectedVertex, graph, stack);
            }
        temp=temp->next;
    }
    //and then add itself
    push(stack,vertex);
}
//Transpose the adjacency list
struct Graph* transpose(struct Graph* g)
{
	struct Graph* graph = createGraph(g->numVertices);//Number of vertices is same
	int i=0;
	for(i=0;i<g->numVertices;i++)
	{
		struct node* temp=g->adjLists[i];
		while(temp!=NULL)
		{
			addEdge(graph,temp->vertex,i);//Reverse all edges
			temp=temp->next;
		}
	}
	return graph;
}
//Recursive dfs aproach
void dfs(struct Graph* graph, int vertex) {
    struct node* adjList = graph->adjLists[vertex];
    struct node* temp = adjList;
        
    //Add vertex to visited list and print it
    graph->visited[vertex] = 1;
    printf("%d ", vertex);
        
    //Recursively call the dfs function on all unvisited neighbours
    while(temp!=NULL) {
        int connectedVertex = temp->vertex;
        if(graph->visited[connectedVertex] == 0) {
        	dfs(graph, connectedVertex);
        }
        temp = temp->next;
    }       
}

//Strongly connected components
void scc(struct Graph* graph)
{
	//Step I: Create a topological sort of the graph and store it in a stack
	struct Stack* stack=createStack();
	int i=0;
	for(i=0;i<graph->numVertices;i++)
	{
		//Execute topological sort on all elements
		if(graph->visited[i]==0)
		{
			fillOrder(i,graph,stack);
		}
	}
	//Step 2: Get the transpose graph
	struct Graph* graphT=transpose(graph);
	//Step 3: Perform a simple dfs by popping nodes from stack
	while(stack->top!=-1)
	{
		int v=pop(stack);
		if(graphT->visited[v]==0)
		{
			dfs(graphT,v);
			printf("\n");
		}		
	}
}
	
//Allocate memory for a node
struct node* createNode(int v)
{
    struct node* newNode = malloc(sizeof(struct node));
    newNode->vertex = v;
    newNode->next = NULL;
    return newNode;
}
//Allocate memory for the entire graph structure
struct Graph* createGraph(int vertices)
{
    struct Graph* graph = malloc(sizeof(struct Graph));
    graph->numVertices = vertices;
    graph->adjLists = malloc(vertices * sizeof(struct node*));    
    graph->visited = malloc(vertices * sizeof(int));
 
    int i;
    for (i = 0; i < vertices; i++) {
        graph->adjLists[i] = NULL;
        graph->visited[i] = 0;
    }
    return graph;
}
//Creates a unidirectional graph
void addEdge(struct Graph* graph, int src, int dest)
{
    // Add edge from src to dest
    struct node* newNode = createNode(dest);
    newNode->next = graph->adjLists[src];
    graph->adjLists[src] = newNode;
}
//Utility function to see state of graph at a given time 
void printGraph(struct Graph* graph)
{
    int v;
    for (v = 0; v < graph->numVertices; v++)
    {
        struct node* temp = graph->adjLists[v];
        printf("\n Adjacency list of vertex %d\n ", v);
        while (temp)
        {
            printf("%d -> ", temp->vertex);
            temp = temp->next;
        }
        printf("\n");
    }
}
//Creates a stack
struct Stack* createStack()
{
	struct Stack* stack=malloc(sizeof(struct Stack));
	stack->top=-1;
    return stack;
}
//Pushes element into stack
void push(struct Stack* stack,int element)
{
	stack->arr[++stack->top]=element;//Increment then add, as we start from -1
}
//Removes element from stack, or returns INT_MIN if stack empty
int pop(struct Stack* stack)
{
	if(stack->top==-1)
		return INT_MIN;
	else 
		return stack->arr[stack->top--];
}