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<div class="headertitle"><div class="title">bisection_method.c File Reference</div></div>
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<p>In mathematics, the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bisection_method" target="_blank">Bisection Method</a> is a root-finding method that applies to any continuous function for which one knows two values with opposite signs.
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<a href="#details">More...</a></p>
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<div class="textblock"><code>#include <assert.h></code><br />
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<code>#include <math.h></code><br />
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<code>#include <stdio.h></code><br />
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</div><div class="textblock"><div class="dynheader">
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Include dependency graph for bisection_method.c:</div>
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<div class="dyncontent">
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<div class="center"><iframe scrolling="no" frameborder="0" src="../../d8/dd8/bisection__method_8c__incl.svg" width="254" height="124"><p><b>This browser is not able to show SVG: try Firefox, Chrome, Safari, or Opera instead.</b></p></iframe>
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Macros</h2></td></tr>
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<tr class="memitem:a002b2f4894492820fe708b1b7e7c5e70"><td class="memItemLeft" align="right" valign="top">#define </td><td class="memItemRight" valign="bottom"><a class="el" href="../../da/d4a/bisection__method_8c.html#a002b2f4894492820fe708b1b7e7c5e70">EPSILON</a>   0.0001</td></tr>
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<tr class="memdesc:a002b2f4894492820fe708b1b7e7c5e70"><td class="mdescLeft"> </td><td class="mdescRight">for assert <br /></td></tr>
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<tr class="separator:a002b2f4894492820fe708b1b7e7c5e70"><td class="memSeparator" colspan="2"> </td></tr>
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<tr class="memitem:a5de5d183f9a6a8d53316f743e1ca6dc2"><td class="memItemLeft" align="right" valign="top"><a id="a5de5d183f9a6a8d53316f743e1ca6dc2" name="a5de5d183f9a6a8d53316f743e1ca6dc2"></a>
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#define </td><td class="memItemRight" valign="bottom"><b>NMAX</b>   50</td></tr>
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<tr class="separator:a5de5d183f9a6a8d53316f743e1ca6dc2"><td class="memSeparator" colspan="2"> </td></tr>
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<tr class="heading"><td colspan="2"><h2 class="groupheader"><a id="func-members" name="func-members"></a>
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Functions</h2></td></tr>
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<tr class="memitem:a858396a5abdb7865e71cf803fdcb37ae"><td class="memItemLeft" align="right" valign="top">double </td><td class="memItemRight" valign="bottom"><a class="el" href="../../da/d4a/bisection__method_8c.html#a858396a5abdb7865e71cf803fdcb37ae">sign</a> (double a, double b)</td></tr>
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<tr class="memdesc:a858396a5abdb7865e71cf803fdcb37ae"><td class="mdescLeft"> </td><td class="mdescRight">Function to check if two input values have the same sign (the property of being positive or negative) <br /></td></tr>
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<tr class="separator:a858396a5abdb7865e71cf803fdcb37ae"><td class="memSeparator" colspan="2"> </td></tr>
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<tr class="memitem:aba60904b56a5dce7e291d2f7d62e9782"><td class="memItemLeft" align="right" valign="top">double </td><td class="memItemRight" valign="bottom"><a class="el" href="../../da/d4a/bisection__method_8c.html#aba60904b56a5dce7e291d2f7d62e9782">func</a> (double x)</td></tr>
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<tr class="memdesc:aba60904b56a5dce7e291d2f7d62e9782"><td class="mdescLeft"> </td><td class="mdescRight">Continuous function for which we want to find the root. <br /></td></tr>
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<tr class="separator:aba60904b56a5dce7e291d2f7d62e9782"><td class="memSeparator" colspan="2"> </td></tr>
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<tr class="memitem:a2cc3091aa922139350e918ba04164421"><td class="memItemLeft" align="right" valign="top">double </td><td class="memItemRight" valign="bottom"><a class="el" href="../../da/d4a/bisection__method_8c.html#a2cc3091aa922139350e918ba04164421">bisection</a> (double x_left, double x_right, double tolerance)</td></tr>
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<tr class="memdesc:a2cc3091aa922139350e918ba04164421"><td class="mdescLeft"> </td><td class="mdescRight">Root-finding method for a continuous function given two values with opposite signs. <br /></td></tr>
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<tr class="separator:a2cc3091aa922139350e918ba04164421"><td class="memSeparator" colspan="2"> </td></tr>
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<tr class="memitem:aa8dca7b867074164d5f45b0f3851269d"><td class="memItemLeft" align="right" valign="top">static void </td><td class="memItemRight" valign="bottom"><a class="el" href="../../da/d4a/bisection__method_8c.html#aa8dca7b867074164d5f45b0f3851269d">test</a> ()</td></tr>
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<tr class="memdesc:aa8dca7b867074164d5f45b0f3851269d"><td class="mdescLeft"> </td><td class="mdescRight">Self-test implementations. <br /></td></tr>
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<tr class="separator:aa8dca7b867074164d5f45b0f3851269d"><td class="memSeparator" colspan="2"> </td></tr>
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<tr class="memitem:ae66f6b31b5ad750f1fe042a706a4e3d4"><td class="memItemLeft" align="right" valign="top">int </td><td class="memItemRight" valign="bottom"><a class="el" href="../../da/d4a/bisection__method_8c.html#ae66f6b31b5ad750f1fe042a706a4e3d4">main</a> ()</td></tr>
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<tr class="memdesc:ae66f6b31b5ad750f1fe042a706a4e3d4"><td class="mdescLeft"> </td><td class="mdescRight">Main function. <br /></td></tr>
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<tr class="separator:ae66f6b31b5ad750f1fe042a706a4e3d4"><td class="memSeparator" colspan="2"> </td></tr>
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</table>
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<a name="details" id="details"></a><h2 class="groupheader">Detailed Description</h2>
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<div class="textblock"><p>In mathematics, the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bisection_method" target="_blank">Bisection Method</a> is a root-finding method that applies to any continuous function for which one knows two values with opposite signs. </p>
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<p>The method consists of repeatedly bisecting the interval defined by the two values and then selecting the subinterval in which the function changes sign, and therefore must contain a root. It is a very simple and robust method, but it is also relatively slow. Because of this, it is often used to obtain a rough approximation to a solution which is then used as a starting point for more rapidly converging methods. </p><dl class="section author"><dt>Author</dt><dd><a href="https://github.com/aybarsnazlica" target="_blank">Aybars Nazlica</a> </dd></dl>
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</div><h2 class="groupheader">Macro Definition Documentation</h2>
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<a id="a002b2f4894492820fe708b1b7e7c5e70" name="a002b2f4894492820fe708b1b7e7c5e70"></a>
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<h2 class="memtitle"><span class="permalink"><a href="#a002b2f4894492820fe708b1b7e7c5e70">◆ </a></span>EPSILON</h2>
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<div class="memitem">
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<div class="memproto">
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<table class="memname">
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<tr>
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<td class="memname">#define EPSILON   0.0001</td>
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</tr>
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</table>
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</div><div class="memdoc">
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<p>for assert </p>
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<p>for fabs for IO operations </p>
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</div>
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</div>
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<h2 class="groupheader">Function Documentation</h2>
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<a id="a2cc3091aa922139350e918ba04164421" name="a2cc3091aa922139350e918ba04164421"></a>
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<h2 class="memtitle"><span class="permalink"><a href="#a2cc3091aa922139350e918ba04164421">◆ </a></span>bisection()</h2>
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<div class="memitem">
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<div class="memproto">
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<table class="memname">
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<td class="memname">double bisection </td>
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<td>(</td>
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<td class="paramtype">double </td>
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<td class="paramname"><em>x_left</em>, </td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<td class="paramkey"></td>
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<td></td>
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<td class="paramtype">double </td>
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<td class="paramname"><em>x_right</em>, </td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<td class="paramkey"></td>
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<td></td>
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<td class="paramtype">double </td>
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<td class="paramname"><em>tolerance</em> </td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<td></td>
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<td>)</td>
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<td></td><td></td>
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</tr>
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</table>
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</div><div class="memdoc">
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<p>Root-finding method for a continuous function given two values with opposite signs. </p>
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<dl class="params"><dt>Parameters</dt><dd>
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<table class="params">
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<tr><td class="paramname">x_left</td><td>Lower endpoint value of the interval </td></tr>
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<tr><td class="paramname">x_right</td><td>Upper endpoint value of the interval </td></tr>
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<tr><td class="paramname">tolerance</td><td>Error threshold </td></tr>
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</table>
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</dd>
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</dl>
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<dl class="section return"><dt>Returns</dt><dd><code>root of the function</code> if bisection method succeed within the maximum number of iterations </dd>
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<dd>
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<code>-1</code> if bisection method fails </dd></dl>
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<div class="fragment"><div class="line"><span class="lineno"> 59</span>{</div>
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<div class="line"><span class="lineno"> 60</span> <span class="keywordtype">int</span> n = 1; <span class="comment">// step counter</span></div>
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<div class="line"><span class="lineno"> 61</span> <span class="keywordtype">double</span> middle; <span class="comment">// midpoint</span></div>
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<div class="line"><span class="lineno"> 62</span> </div>
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<div class="line"><span class="lineno"> 63</span> <span class="keywordflow">while</span> (n <= NMAX)</div>
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<div class="line"><span class="lineno"> 64</span> {</div>
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<div class="line"><span class="lineno"> 65</span> middle = (x_left + x_right) / 2; <span class="comment">// bisect the interval</span></div>
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<div class="line"><span class="lineno"> 66</span> <span class="keywordtype">double</span> <a class="code hl_function" href="../../d9/ddd/remote__command__exec__udp__client_8c.html#a7e15c8e2885871839fc2b820dfbdb4ce">error</a> = middle - x_left;</div>
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<div class="line"><span class="lineno"> 67</span> </div>
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<div class="line"><span class="lineno"> 68</span> <span class="keywordflow">if</span> (fabs(<a class="code hl_function" href="../../da/d4a/bisection__method_8c.html#aba60904b56a5dce7e291d2f7d62e9782">func</a>(middle)) < <a class="code hl_define" href="../../da/d4a/bisection__method_8c.html#a002b2f4894492820fe708b1b7e7c5e70">EPSILON</a> || <a class="code hl_function" href="../../d9/ddd/remote__command__exec__udp__client_8c.html#a7e15c8e2885871839fc2b820dfbdb4ce">error</a> < tolerance)</div>
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<div class="line"><span class="lineno"> 69</span> {</div>
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<div class="line"><span class="lineno"> 70</span> <span class="keywordflow">return</span> middle;</div>
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<div class="line"><span class="lineno"> 71</span> }</div>
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<div class="line"><span class="lineno"> 72</span> </div>
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<div class="line"><span class="lineno"> 73</span> <span class="keywordflow">if</span> (<a class="code hl_function" href="../../da/d4a/bisection__method_8c.html#a858396a5abdb7865e71cf803fdcb37ae">sign</a>(<a class="code hl_function" href="../../da/d4a/bisection__method_8c.html#aba60904b56a5dce7e291d2f7d62e9782">func</a>(middle), <a class="code hl_function" href="../../da/d4a/bisection__method_8c.html#aba60904b56a5dce7e291d2f7d62e9782">func</a>(x_left)) > 0.0)</div>
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<div class="line"><span class="lineno"> 74</span> {</div>
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<div class="line"><span class="lineno"> 75</span> x_left = middle; <span class="comment">// new lower endpoint</span></div>
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<div class="line"><span class="lineno"> 76</span> }</div>
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<div class="line"><span class="lineno"> 77</span> <span class="keywordflow">else</span></div>
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<div class="line"><span class="lineno"> 78</span> {</div>
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<div class="line"><span class="lineno"> 79</span> x_right = middle; <span class="comment">// new upper endpoint</span></div>
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<div class="line"><span class="lineno"> 80</span> }</div>
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<div class="line"><span class="lineno"> 81</span> </div>
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<div class="line"><span class="lineno"> 82</span> n++; <span class="comment">// increase step counter</span></div>
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<div class="line"><span class="lineno"> 83</span> }</div>
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<div class="line"><span class="lineno"> 84</span> <span class="keywordflow">return</span> -1; <span class="comment">// method failed (maximum number of steps exceeded)</span></div>
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<div class="line"><span class="lineno"> 85</span>}</div>
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<div class="ttc" id="abisection__method_8c_html_a002b2f4894492820fe708b1b7e7c5e70"><div class="ttname"><a href="../../da/d4a/bisection__method_8c.html#a002b2f4894492820fe708b1b7e7c5e70">EPSILON</a></div><div class="ttdeci">#define EPSILON</div><div class="ttdoc">for assert</div><div class="ttdef"><b>Definition:</b> bisection_method.c:21</div></div>
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<div class="ttc" id="abisection__method_8c_html_a858396a5abdb7865e71cf803fdcb37ae"><div class="ttname"><a href="../../da/d4a/bisection__method_8c.html#a858396a5abdb7865e71cf803fdcb37ae">sign</a></div><div class="ttdeci">double sign(double a, double b)</div><div class="ttdoc">Function to check if two input values have the same sign (the property of being positive or negative)</div><div class="ttdef"><b>Definition:</b> bisection_method.c:32</div></div>
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<div class="ttc" id="abisection__method_8c_html_aba60904b56a5dce7e291d2f7d62e9782"><div class="ttname"><a href="../../da/d4a/bisection__method_8c.html#aba60904b56a5dce7e291d2f7d62e9782">func</a></div><div class="ttdeci">double func(double x)</div><div class="ttdoc">Continuous function for which we want to find the root.</div><div class="ttdef"><b>Definition:</b> bisection_method.c:43</div></div>
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<div class="ttc" id="aremote__command__exec__udp__client_8c_html_a7e15c8e2885871839fc2b820dfbdb4ce"><div class="ttname"><a href="../../d9/ddd/remote__command__exec__udp__client_8c.html#a7e15c8e2885871839fc2b820dfbdb4ce">error</a></div><div class="ttdeci">void error()</div><div class="ttdoc">Utility function used to print an error message to stderr.</div><div class="ttdef"><b>Definition:</b> remote_command_exec_udp_client.c:37</div></div>
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Here is the call graph for this function:</div>
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<h2 class="memtitle"><span class="permalink"><a href="#aba60904b56a5dce7e291d2f7d62e9782">◆ </a></span>func()</h2>
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<td class="memname">double func </td>
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<td>(</td>
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<td class="paramtype">double </td>
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<td class="paramname"><em>x</em></td><td>)</td>
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<p>Continuous function for which we want to find the root. </p>
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<dl class="params"><dt>Parameters</dt><dd>
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<table class="params">
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<tr><td class="paramname">x</td><td>Real input variable </td></tr>
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<dl class="section return"><dt>Returns</dt><dd>The evaluation result of the function using the input value </dd></dl>
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<div class="fragment"><div class="line"><span class="lineno"> 44</span>{</div>
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<div class="line"><span class="lineno"> 45</span> <span class="keywordflow">return</span> x * x * x + 2.0 * x - 10.0; <span class="comment">// f(x) = x**3 + 2x - 10</span></div>
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<div class="line"><span class="lineno"> 46</span>}</div>
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<h2 class="memtitle"><span class="permalink"><a href="#ae66f6b31b5ad750f1fe042a706a4e3d4">◆ </a></span>main()</h2>
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<td class="memname">int main </td>
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<p>Main function. </p>
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<dl class="section return"><dt>Returns</dt><dd>0 on exit </dd></dl>
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<div class="fragment"><div class="line"><span class="lineno"> 108</span>{</div>
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<div class="line"><span class="lineno"> 109</span> <a class="code hl_function" href="../../da/d4a/bisection__method_8c.html#aa8dca7b867074164d5f45b0f3851269d">test</a>(); <span class="comment">// run self-test implementations</span></div>
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<div class="line"><span class="lineno"> 110</span> <span class="keywordflow">return</span> 0;</div>
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<div class="line"><span class="lineno"> 111</span>}</div>
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<div class="ttc" id="abisection__method_8c_html_aa8dca7b867074164d5f45b0f3851269d"><div class="ttname"><a href="../../da/d4a/bisection__method_8c.html#aa8dca7b867074164d5f45b0f3851269d">test</a></div><div class="ttdeci">static void test()</div><div class="ttdoc">Self-test implementations.</div><div class="ttdef"><b>Definition:</b> bisection_method.c:91</div></div>
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Here is the call graph for this function:</div>
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<div class="center"><iframe scrolling="no" frameborder="0" src="../../da/d4a/bisection__method_8c_ae66f6b31b5ad750f1fe042a706a4e3d4_cgraph.svg" width="372" height="135"><p><b>This browser is not able to show SVG: try Firefox, Chrome, Safari, or Opera instead.</b></p></iframe>
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<h2 class="memtitle"><span class="permalink"><a href="#a858396a5abdb7865e71cf803fdcb37ae">◆ </a></span>sign()</h2>
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<td class="memname">double sign </td>
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<td class="paramname"><em>a</em>, </td>
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<p>Function to check if two input values have the same sign (the property of being positive or negative) </p>
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<dl class="params"><dt>Parameters</dt><dd>
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<tr><td class="paramname">a</td><td>Input value </td></tr>
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<tr><td class="paramname">b</td><td>Input value </td></tr>
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<dl class="section return"><dt>Returns</dt><dd>1.0 if the input values have the same sign, </dd>
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-1.0 if the input values have different signs </dd></dl>
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<div class="fragment"><div class="line"><span class="lineno"> 33</span>{</div>
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<div class="line"><span class="lineno"> 34</span> <span class="keywordflow">return</span> (a > 0 && b > 0) + (a < 0 && b < 0) - (a > 0 && b < 0) -</div>
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<div class="line"><span class="lineno"> 35</span> (a < 0 && b > 0);</div>
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<div class="line"><span class="lineno"> 36</span>}</div>
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<h2 class="memtitle"><span class="permalink"><a href="#aa8dca7b867074164d5f45b0f3851269d">◆ </a></span>test()</h2>
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<p>Self-test implementations. </p>
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<dl class="section return"><dt>Returns</dt><dd>void </dd></dl>
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<div class="fragment"><div class="line"><span class="lineno"> 92</span>{</div>
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<div class="line"><span class="lineno"> 93</span> <span class="comment">/* Compares root value that is found by the bisection method within a given</span></div>
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<div class="line"><span class="lineno"> 94</span><span class="comment"> * floating point error*/</span></div>
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<div class="line"><span class="lineno"> 95</span> assert(fabs(<a class="code hl_function" href="../../da/d4a/bisection__method_8c.html#a2cc3091aa922139350e918ba04164421">bisection</a>(1.0, 2.0, 0.0001) - 1.847473) <</div>
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<div class="line"><span class="lineno"> 96</span> <a class="code hl_define" href="../../da/d4a/bisection__method_8c.html#a002b2f4894492820fe708b1b7e7c5e70">EPSILON</a>); <span class="comment">// the algorithm works as expected</span></div>
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<div class="line"><span class="lineno"> 97</span> assert(fabs(<a class="code hl_function" href="../../da/d4a/bisection__method_8c.html#a2cc3091aa922139350e918ba04164421">bisection</a>(100.0, 250.0, 0.0001) - 249.999928) <</div>
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<div class="line"><span class="lineno"> 98</span> <a class="code hl_define" href="../../da/d4a/bisection__method_8c.html#a002b2f4894492820fe708b1b7e7c5e70">EPSILON</a>); <span class="comment">// the algorithm works as expected</span></div>
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<div class="line"><span class="lineno"> 99</span> </div>
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<div class="line"><span class="lineno"> 100</span> printf(<span class="stringliteral">"All tests have successfully passed!\n"</span>);</div>
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<div class="line"><span class="lineno"> 101</span>}</div>
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<div class="ttc" id="abisection__method_8c_html_a2cc3091aa922139350e918ba04164421"><div class="ttname"><a href="../../da/d4a/bisection__method_8c.html#a2cc3091aa922139350e918ba04164421">bisection</a></div><div class="ttdeci">double bisection(double x_left, double x_right, double tolerance)</div><div class="ttdoc">Root-finding method for a continuous function given two values with opposite signs.</div><div class="ttdef"><b>Definition:</b> bisection_method.c:58</div></div>
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