[pre-commit.ci] auto fixes from pre-commit.com hooks

for more information, see https://pre-commit.ci

arithmetic_analysis/gauss_seidel.py

@@ -15,6 +15,7 @@ def is_diagonally_dominant(matrix):
             return False
     return True
 
+
 def gauss_seidel(matrix, vector, initial_guess, max_iterations=100, tol=1e-6):
     """
     Solve a system of linear equations using the Gauss-Seidel method.
@@ -33,7 +34,9 @@ def gauss_seidel(matrix, vector, initial_guess, max_iterations=100, tol=1e-6):
     ValueError: If the matrix is not diagonally dominant.
     """
     if not is_diagonally_dominant(matrix):
-        raise ValueError("Matrix is not diagonally dominant, Gauss-Seidel may not converge.")
+        raise ValueError(
+            "Matrix is not diagonally dominant, Gauss-Seidel may not converge."
+        )
 
     n = len(matrix)
     x = initial_guess.copy()
@@ -52,6 +55,8 @@ def gauss_seidel(matrix, vector, initial_guess, max_iterations=100, tol=1e-6):
 
     return x
 
+
 if __name__ == "__main__":
     import doctest
+
     doctest.testmod()

boolean_algebra/commutative.py

@@ -20,6 +20,7 @@ def commutative_law_and(a, b):
     """
     return a and b
 
+
 def commutative_law_or(a, b):
     """
     Implement the commutative law for OR: A OR B = B OR A.
@@ -42,8 +43,10 @@ def commutative_law_or(a, b):
     """
     return a or b
 
+
 # Implement other laws similarly
 
 if __name__ == "__main__":
     import doctest
+
     doctest.testmod()

electronics/colour_coding_resistor.py

@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 from typing import List
 
+
 def decode_resistor_colors(colors: List[str]) -> float:
     """
     Calculate the resistance value of a resistor based on its color bands.
@@ -32,9 +33,18 @@ def decode_resistor_colors(colors: List[str]) -> float:
         raise ValueError("A resistor must have at least three color bands.")
 
     color_values = {
-        "black": 0, "brown": 1, "red": 2, "orange": 3, "yellow": 4,
+        "black": 0,
-        "green": 5, "blue": 6, "violet": 7, "gray": 8, "white": 9,
+        "brown": 1,
-        "gold": 0.1, "silver": 0.01
+        "red": 2,
+        "orange": 3,
+        "yellow": 4,
+        "green": 5,
+        "blue": 6,
+        "violet": 7,
+        "gray": 8,
+        "white": 9,
+        "gold": 0.1,
+        "silver": 0.01,
     }
 
     first_band_value = color_values.get(colors[0].lower(), None)
@@ -48,6 +58,7 @@ def decode_resistor_colors(colors: List[str]) -> float:
 
     return resistance
 
+
 if __name__ == "__main__":
     import doctest
 

electronics/equivalent_emf.py

@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 from typing import List, Tuple
 
+
 def calculate_equivalent_emf_and_resistance(
     cells: List[Tuple[float, float]], connection_type: str
 ) -> Tuple[float, float]:
@@ -38,6 +39,7 @@ def calculate_equivalent_emf_and_resistance(
 
     return total_emf, total_internal_resistance
 
+
 def main() -> None:
     """
     Main function to calculate equivalent EMF and internal resistance of cells.
@@ -47,14 +49,14 @@ def main() -> None:
     >>> import sys
     >>> sys.stdin = io.StringIO('3\\n1.5\\n0.2\\n2.0\\n0.3\\n1.0\\n0.1\\n2\\n')
     >>> main()
-    Enter the number of cells: 
+    Enter the number of cells:
-    Enter the EMF of cell 1: 
+    Enter the EMF of cell 1:
-    Enter the internal resistance of cell 1: 
+    Enter the internal resistance of cell 1:
-    Enter the EMF of cell 2: 
+    Enter the EMF of cell 2:
-    Enter the internal resistance of cell 2: 
+    Enter the internal resistance of cell 2:
-    Enter the EMF of cell 3: 
+    Enter the EMF of cell 3:
-    Enter the internal resistance of cell 3: 
+    Enter the internal resistance of cell 3:
-    Select the connection type (1/2): 
+    Select the connection type (1/2):
     Invalid choice. Please select 1 or 2.
     Equivalent Cell Parameters:
     Equivalent EMF: 4.5 volts
@@ -85,7 +87,9 @@ def main() -> None:
             raise ValueError("Invalid choice. Please select 1 or 2.")
 
         # Calculate equivalent EMF and internal resistance
-        eq_emf, eq_int_res = calculate_equivalent_emf_and_resistance(cells, connection_type)
+        eq_emf, eq_int_res = calculate_equivalent_emf_and_resistance(
+            cells, connection_type
+        )
 
         # Output equivalent cell parameters
         print("\nEquivalent Cell Parameters:")
@@ -95,6 +99,7 @@ def main() -> None:
     except ValueError as e:
         print(f"Error: {e}")
 
+
 if __name__ == "__main__":
     import doctest
 

electronics/field_potential.py

@@ -1,8 +1,9 @@
 from typing import List, Tuple
 
+
 def calculate_electric_field(
     charges: List[Tuple[float, Tuple[float, float, float]]],
-    point: Tuple[float, float, float]
+    point: Tuple[float, float, float],
 ) -> Tuple[float, Tuple[float, float, float]]:
     """
     Calculate the electric field and potential at a given point due to charges.
@@ -43,18 +44,21 @@ def calculate_electric_field(
         dx, dy, dz = (
             point[0] - charge_position[0],
             point[1] - charge_position[1],
-            point[2] - charge_position[2]
+            point[2] - charge_position[2],
         )
-        r = (dx**2 + dy**2 + dz**2)**0.5
+        r = (dx**2 + dy**2 + dz**2) ** 0.5
 
         electric_field[0] += k * charge_magnitude * dx / r**3
         electric_field[1] += k * charge_magnitude * dy / r**3
         electric_field[2] += k * charge_magnitude * dz / r**3
 
-    electric_field_magnitude = (electric_field[0]**2 + electric_field[1]**2 + electric_field[2]**2)**0.5
+    electric_field_magnitude = (
+        electric_field[0] ** 2 + electric_field[1] ** 2 + electric_field[2] ** 2
+    ) ** 0.5
 
     return electric_field_magnitude, tuple(electric_field)
 
+
 def main() -> None:
     """
     Main function to calculate electric field and potential at a given point.
@@ -64,13 +68,27 @@ def main() -> None:
         charges = []
 
         for i in range(n):
-            charge_magnitude = float(input(f"Enter charge magnitude (in Coulombs) for charge {i+1}: "))
+            charge_magnitude = float(
-            position = tuple(float(coord) for coord in input(f"Enter position (x, y, z) for charge {i+1} (comma-separated): ").split(','))
+                input(f"Enter charge magnitude (in Coulombs) for charge {i+1}: ")
+            )
+            position = tuple(
+                float(coord)
+                for coord in input(
+                    f"Enter position (x, y, z) for charge {i+1} (comma-separated): "
+                ).split(",")
+            )
             charges.append((charge_magnitude, position))
 
-        point = tuple(float(coord) for coord in input("Enter the point (x, y, z) where electric field and potential are to be calculated (comma-separated): ").split(','))
+        point = tuple(
+            float(coord)
+            for coord in input(
+                "Enter the point (x, y, z) where electric field and potential are to be calculated (comma-separated): "
+            ).split(",")
+        )
 
-        electric_field_magnitude, electric_field_vector = calculate_electric_field(charges, point)
+        electric_field_magnitude, electric_field_vector = calculate_electric_field(
+            charges, point
+        )
 
         print("\nElectric Field and Potential at the Given Point:")
         print(f"Electric Field Magnitude: {electric_field_magnitude} N/C")
@@ -79,6 +97,7 @@ def main() -> None:
     except ValueError as e:
         print(f"Error: {e}")
 
+
 if __name__ == "__main__":
     import doctest